不規則動詞の型
不規則動詞の活用はいくつかの型に分類することができる。
- A-A-A…過去形・過去分詞形が原形と同じタイプ
- A-B-A…原形と過去分詞形が同じタイプ
- A-B-B…過去形と過去分詞形が同じタイプ
- A-B-C…原形・過去形・過去分詞形の形がそれぞれ異なるタイプ
綴りと発音のどちらで分類するかで型が変わる単語がある。例えば、read の活用は read-read-read であり、綴りで分類するとA-A-A型になるが、発音が原形は[ríːd]、過去形・過去分詞形は[réd]であり、発音で分類するとA-B-B型となる。
また、get-got-got/gotten のように、過去分詞形が2種類ある語も存在する。その場合、A-B-B型とA-B-C型のどちらとも解釈できる。
不規則動詞の活用
不規則動詞の活用は動詞の語尾かアクセント母音、あるいはその両方が変化する。
語尾変化
A-B-B型の場合、語尾に t か d がつく。原形の語尾が d の場合は d が t に置き換えられる。
A-B-C型の場合、過去分詞形は原形もしくは過去形に n か ne がついた形になる。
母音変化
不規則動詞の母音の変化にも一定の法則を見いだすことができる。基本的に1つの母音に対して1~3種類の母音が対応する。
- [ʌ]→[éɪ](例:come)
- [æ]→[ʊ](例:stand)
- [άɪ]→[άʊ][í][óʊ](例:find,bite,buy)
- [é]→[ά][óʊ](例:get,sell)
- [éɪ]→[é][óʊ](例:say,wake)
- [í]→[éɪ][ɔː](例:give,think)
- [íː]→[é][éɪ][ɔː](例:read,eat,teach)
- [óʊ]→[é][úː](例:hold,blow)
- [ɔː]→[é][úː](例:fall,draw)
- [úː]→[ɔː](例:lose)
代表的な不規則動詞75種の活用を以下に列挙する。なお、型の分類は発音に準ずる。
不規則動詞の一覧表
原形 | 過去形 | 過去分詞形 |
---|---|---|
A-A-A | ||
cut | cut | cut |
hit | hit | hit |
hurt | hurt | hurt |
let | let | let |
put | put | put |
set | set | set |
A-B-A | ||
become | became | become |
come | came | come |
run | ran | run |
A-B-B(語尾変化) | ||
build | built | built |
have | had | had |
lend | lent | lent |
make | made | made |
send | sent | sent |
spend | spent | spent |
A-B-B(母音変化) | ||
dig | dug | dug |
feed | fed | fed |
fight | fought | fought |
find | found | found |
forget | forgot | forgot/forgotten |
get | got | got/gotten |
hold | held | held |
meet | met | met |
read | read | read |
stand | stood | stood |
understand | understood | understood |
win | won | won |
A-B-B(語尾・母音変化) | ||
bring | brought | brought |
buy | bought | bought |
catch | caught | caught |
feel | felt | felt |
hear | heard | heard |
keep | kept | kept |
lay | laid | laid |
leave | left | left |
lose | lost | lost |
pay | paid | paid |
say | said | said |
sell | sold | sold |
sleep | slept | slept |
sweep | swept | swept |
teach | taught | taught |
tell | told | told |
think | thought | thought |
A-B-C(原形+n) | ||
blow | blew | blown |
draw | drew | drawn |
drive | drove | driven |
eat | ate | eaten |
fall | fell | fallen |
give | gave | given |
grow | grew | grown |
know | knew | known |
rise | rose | risen |
see | saw | seen |
show | showed | shown |
take | took | taken |
throw | threw | thrown |
write | wrote | written |
A-B-C(過去形+n) | ||
break | broke | broken |
choose | chose | chosen |
lie | lay | lain |
speak | spoke | spoken |
wake | woke | woken |
A-B-C(母音変化) | ||
begin | began | begun |
drink | drank | drunk |
sink | sank | sunk |
sing | sang | sung |
swim | swam | swum |
A-B-C(その他) | ||
am/is | was | been |
are | were | been |
bear | bore | born |
do | did | done |
go | went | gone |
ride | rode | ridden |
wear | wore | worn |